臺灣核心實作指引(TW Core IG)
1.0.0 - STU 1.0.0 Taiwan flag

This page is part of the 臺灣核心實作指引(TW Core IG) (v1.0.0: Releases) based on FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) R4. This is the current published version in its permanent home (it will always be available at this URL). For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions

Resource Profile: TWCoreObservationAverageBloodPressure - Detailed Descriptions

Active as of 2025-12-10

Definitions for the Observation-averageBloodPressure-twcore resource profile.

Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be foundhere

0. Observation
Definition

關於病人、裝置或其他主體的測量與簡單陳述。


Measurements and simple assertions made about a patient, device or other subject.

Short測量與簡單陳述Measurements and simple assertions
Comments

用於簡單觀察,例如裝置測量、實驗室原子結果、生命徵象、身高、體重、吸菸狀態、備註等。其他資源則用於提供觀察的上下文,例如實驗室報告等。


Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as laboratory reports, etc.

Control0..*
Is Modifierfalse
Summaryfalse
Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
2. Observation.implicitRules
Definition

指向建構本 resource 時所遵循規則的參照,處理內容時必須理解這些規則。通常是參照定義特殊規則的實作指南(Implementation Guide),以及其他 profiles 等。


A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

Short建立本內容所依據的一組規則A set of rules under which this content was created
Comments

宣告這套規則限制了內容只能被有限的交易夥伴所理解,這從本質上限制了資料的長期有用性。然而,現有的健康生態體系高度分裂,尚未準備好以普遍可計算的方式定義、收集和交換資料。只要有可能,實作者和/或規範編寫者應避免使用此欄位。通常在使用時,此 URL 是對 IG 的參照,該 IG 將這些特殊規則與其他 profiles、value sets 等一起定義為其敘述的一部分。


Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

Control0..1
Typeuri
Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
Summarytrue
Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
4. Observation.modifierExtension
Definition

可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查 modifier extensions。


May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊Extensions that cannot be ignored
Comments

任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。


There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Control0..*
TypeExtension
Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
Summaryfalse
Requirements

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

Alternate Namesextensions, user content
Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
6. Observation.basedOn
Definition

一個由本事件全部或部分實現的計畫、提案或指示。例如,MedicationRequest 可能要求在給藥前,病人需先進行實驗室檢查。


A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event. For example, a MedicationRequest may require a patient to have laboratory test performed before it is dispensed.

Short實現計畫、提案或指示Fulfills plan, proposal or order
Control0..*
TypeReference(TW Core CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, TW Core MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, TW Core ServiceRequest, CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, ServiceRequest)
Is Modifierfalse
Summarytrue
Requirements

Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

Alternate NamesFulfills
Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
8. Observation.partOf
Definition

此 Observation 所屬的較大事件或步驟。例如,作為某個處置(procedure)的一部分的觀察。


A larger event of which this particular Observation is a component or step. For example, an observation as part of a procedure.

Short所屬的參照事件Part of referenced event
Comments

若要將 Observation 連結到 Encounter,請使用 encounter 欄位。關於如何參照其他 Observation,請參見下方說明。


To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

Control0..*
TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, TW Core MedicationDispense, TW Core MedicationStatement, TW Core Procedure, TW Core Immunization, TW Core ImagingStudy, MedicationAdministration, MedicationDispense, MedicationStatement, Procedure, Immunization, ImagingStudy)
Is Modifierfalse
Summarytrue
Alternate NamesContainer
Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
10. Observation.status
Definition

此欄位表示觀察結果的狀態。


The status of the result value.

Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
Comments

此元素被標記為修飾性(modifier),因為 status 可能包含標示資源目前無效的代碼。


This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

Control1..1
BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatushttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1
(required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)

Codes providing the status of an observation.

Typecode
Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
Must Supporttrue
Summarytrue
Requirements

Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
12. Observation.category
Definition

用於分類所進行觀察的一般類型的代碼。


A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

Short觀察類型的分類Classification of type of observation
Comments

除了必要的 category 值集外,此元素也允許根據擁有者自訂的分類方案進行多元分類,且可同時使用多個分類。分類的細緻程度由值集中的 category 概念所決定。


In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

Control10..*
BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1
(preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1)

Codes for high level observation categories.

TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
Is Modifierfalse
Must Supporttrue
Summaryfalse
Requirements

Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
  • value @ coding.code
  • value @ coding.system
  • 14. Observation.category:VSCat
    Slice NameVSCat
    Definition

    A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

    ShortClassification of type of observation
    Comments

    In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

    Control0..1*
    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1
    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1)

    Codes for high level observation categories.

    TypeCodeableConcept
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supporttrue
    Summaryfalse
    Requirements

    Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    16. Observation.category:VSCat.coding
    Definition

    參照由術語系統定義的代碼。


    A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

    Short由術語系統所定義的代碼Code defined by a terminology system
    Comments

    代碼可以在列舉清單(enumerations)或代碼清單(code lists)中非常隨意地定義,直至有非常正式的定義,如 SNOMED CT—更多資訊見 HL7 v3 核心原則(Core Principles)。編碼的排序是未定義的因而 必須沒有(SHALL NOT) 被用來推斷意義。一般來說,最多只有一個編碼值(coding values)會被標記為 UserSelected = true。


    Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

    Control10..*
    TypeCoding
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    18. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.system
    Definition

    定義代碼符號意義的代碼系統之識別。


    The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

    Short術語系統的識別碼Identity of the terminology system
    Comments

    URI 可以是 OID(urn:oid:...)或 UUID(urn:uuid:...)。OID 和 UUID 應參考 HL7 OID 註冊表。否則,URI 應來自 HL7 的 FHIR 特殊 URI 定義列表,或參考某些能清楚且無歧義地建立系統的定義。


    The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

    Control10..1
    Typeuri
    Is Modifierfalse
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

    Pattern Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    20. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.code
    Definition

    由系統定義的語法符號。此符號可能是一個預定義的代碼,或是由編碼系統定義的語法中的表達式(例如 post-coordination)。


    A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

    Short由系統定義的語法符號Symbol in syntax defined by the system
    Control10..1
    Typecode
    Is Modifierfalse
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

    Pattern Valuevital-signs
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    22. Observation.code
    Definition

    描述所觀察到的內容。有時這也被稱為觀察的「名稱」。


    Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

    Short血壓Type of observation (code / type)
    Comments

    所有的 code-value 配對,以及(若有的話)component.code 與 component.value 的配對,都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。


    All code-value and, if present, component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

    Control1..1
    BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1
    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

    Codes identifying names of simple observations.

    TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

    Alternate NamesName
    Pattern Value{
      "coding" : [{
        "system" : "http://loinc.org",
        "code" : "96607-7"
      }]
    }
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    24. Observation.subject
    Definition

    此觀察所關於且將觀察記錄存入其病歷的病人、病人群組、地點或設備。如果觀察的實際焦點與主體不同(或是主體的樣本、部分或區域),則由 focus 元素或代碼本身指定觀察的實際焦點。


    The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

    Short此觀察所關於的對象Who and/or what the observation is about
    Comments

    一般預期此元素的基數為 1..1。唯一可能缺少 subject 的情況是當觀察由不知道病人身分的設備所進行時。在此情況下,觀察必須(SHALL)通過某些上下文/通道匹配技術與病人配對,此時觀察應被更新。


    One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

    Control0..1
    TypeReference(TW Core Patient, Patient, Group, Device, Location)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    26. Observation.encounter
    Definition

    此觀察所發生的醫療事件(例如病人與醫療提供者的互動)。


    The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

    Short進行此觀察時的醫療事件Healthcare event during which this observation is made
    Comments

    這通常是發生事件時的就診(encounter),但有些事件可能在就診正式結束之前或之後發起,但仍與就診的上下文有關(例如入院前的實驗室檢查)。


    This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter but still be tied to the context of the encounter (e.g. pre-admission laboratory tests).

    Control0..1
    TypeReference(TW Core Encounter, Encounter)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

    Alternate NamesContext
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    28. Observation.effective[x]
    Definition

    觀察值被視為有效的時間或時間區間。對於生物主體(例如人類患者),這通常被稱為「生理相關時間」。這通常是處置的時間或標本採集的時間,但很多情況下時間/日期的來源是未知的,僅知道時間/日期本身。


    The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

    Short觀察在臨床上相關的時間/時間區間Clinically relevant time/time-period for observation
    Comments

    除非此觀察是歷史記錄,否則至少應該有一個日期。對於記錄不精確或「模糊」的時間(例如「早餐後」測量的血糖),使用 Timing 資料型別,它允許將測量與日常生活事件相關聯。


    At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

    Control10..1
    TypeChoice of: Period, dateTime, Timing, instant
    [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
    Is Modifierfalse
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Must Supporttrue
    Must Support TypesPerioddateTime
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

    Alternate NamesOccurrence
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    30. Observation.performer
    Definition

    負責確認觀察數值為「真實」的人。


    Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

    Short對觀察結果負責的人Who is responsible for the observation
    Control0..*
    TypeReference(TW Core Practitioner, TW Core Organization, TW Core Patient, TW Core PractitionerRole, TW Core CareTeam, Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    32. Observation.value[x]
    Definition

    進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。


    The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

    Short實際結果Actual result
    Comments

    一個觀察可能有:1)在此處有單一值,2)同時有一個值和一組相關或組成值,或 3)只有一組相關或組成值。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。


    An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

    Control0..01
    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
    TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
    Is Modifierfalse
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    34. Observation.specimen
    Definition

    進行此觀察時所使用的標本。


    The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

    Short用於此觀察的標本Specimen used for this observation
    Comments

    僅在 Observation.code 的代碼中未隱含標本資訊時才應使用。觀察並非對標本本身進行,而是對主體進行,但許多情況是通過標本進行的。請注意,雖然標本常常會被使用,但並非總是被明確追蹤和報告。同時也請注意,觀察資源可能被用在明確追蹤標本的情境中(例如診斷報告)。


    Should only be used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. Observations are not made on specimens themselves; they are made on a subject, but in many cases by the means of a specimen. Note that although specimens are often involved, they are not always tracked and reported explicitly. Also note that observation resources may be used in contexts that track the specimen explicitly (e.g. Diagnostic Report).

    Control0..1
    TypeReference(TW Core Specimen, Specimen)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summaryfalse
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    36. Observation.hasMember
    Definition

    此觀察是一個群組觀察(例如一組檢測、一系列檢驗或一組生命徵象測量),包含目標作為群組的成員。


    This observation is a group observation (e.g. a battery, a panel of tests, a set of vital sign measurements) that includes the target as a member of the group.

    Short屬於觀察群組的相關資源Related resource that belongs to the Observation group
    Comments

    使用此元素時,一個觀察通常會有一個值或一組相關資源,但在某些情況下兩者都可能存在。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。請注意,系統可能會從 QuestionnaireResponse 中計算結果到最終分數,並將該分數表示為一個觀察。


    When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below. Note that a system may calculate results from QuestionnaireResponse into a final score and represent the score as an Observation.

    Control0..*
    TypeReference(TW Core Observation Vital Signs, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence, Observation, QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    38. Observation.derivedFrom
    Definition

    代表本觀察值衍生來源的目標資源。例如,根據測量計算的陰離子間隙,或基於超音波影像的胎兒測量。


    The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

    Short此觀察值衍生自的相關測量Related measurements the observation is made from
    Comments

    此元素中列出的所有參考選擇都可以代表臨床觀察和其他可能作為衍生值來源的測量。最常見的參考將是另一個觀察(Observation)。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。


    All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below.

    Control0..*
    TypeReference(TW Core DocumentReference, TW Core ImagingStudy, TW Core Media, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, TW Core Observation Vital Signs, MolecularSequence, DocumentReference, ImagingStudy, Media, QuestionnaireResponse, Observation, MolecularSequence)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    40. Observation.component
    Definition

    某些觀察有多個組件觀察。這些組件觀察表示為共享相同屬性的獨立代碼-數值對。例如血壓測量的收縮壓和舒張壓組件觀察,以及基因觀察的多個組件觀察。


    Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

    Short平均收縮壓、平均舒張壓及其他相關指標Component results
    Comments

    關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。


    For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

    Control20..*
    TypeBackboneElement
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supporttrue
    Summarytrue
    Requirements

    Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    tw-core-2: If there is no value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
    • pattern @ code
    • 42. Observation.component.modifierExtension
      Definition

      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。


      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
      Comments

      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。


      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

      Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      44. Observation.component.code
      Definition

      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。


      Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

      Short組件觀察的類型(代碼/類型)Type of component observation (code / type)
      Comments

      所有的代碼-數值配對和組件.代碼-組件.數值配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。


      All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

      Control1..1
      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1
      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
      Is Modifierfalse
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      46. Observation.component.value[x]
      Definition

      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。


      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

      Short生命徵象組成項目數值Actual component result
      Comments

      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。


      Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

      Control0..1
      TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      48. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
      Definition

      提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。


      Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

      Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少Why the component result is missing
      Comments

      在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。


      "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

      The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1
      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

      Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

      TypeCodeableConcept
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summaryfalse
      Requirements

      For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      50. Observation.component:Systolic
      Slice NameSystolic
      Definition

      Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

      Short平均收縮壓Component results
      Comments

      For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

      Control10..1*
      TypeBackboneElement
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      52. Observation.component:Systolic.modifierExtension
      Definition

      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。


      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
      Comments

      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。


      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

      Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      54. Observation.component:Systolic.code
      Definition

      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。


      Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

      Short平均收縮壓代碼Type of component observation (code / type)
      Comments

      所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。


      All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

      Control1..1
      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1
      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

      Pattern Value{
        "coding" : [{
          "system" : "http://loinc.org",
          "code" : "96608-5"
        }]
      }
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      56. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x]
      Definition

      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。


      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

      Short平均收縮壓數值Actual component result
      Comments

      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。


      Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: tw-core-2
      TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      58. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].value
      Definition

      測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。


      The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

      Short數值(具隱含精確度)Numerical value (with implicit precision)
      Comments

      數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。


      The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

      Control10..1
      Typedecimal
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      60. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].comparator
      Definition

      說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。


      How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

      Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
      Control0..1
      BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparatorhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1
      (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

      How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

      Typecode
      Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

      Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      62. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].unit
      Definition

      單位的人類可讀形式。


      A human-readable form of the unit.

      Short單位表示Unit representation
      Control10..1
      Typestring
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      64. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].system
      Definition

      提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。


      The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

      Short定義單位編碼形式的系統System that defines coded unit form
      Control10..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
      Typeuri
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

      Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      66. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].code
      Definition

      單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。


      A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

      Short單位的編碼形式Coded form of the unit
      Comments

      建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。


      The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

      Control10..1
      Typecode
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

      Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      68. Observation.component:Systolic.dataAbsentReason
      Definition

      提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。


      Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

      Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少Why the component result is missing
      Comments

      在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。


      "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

      The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1
      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

      Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

      TypeCodeableConcept
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summaryfalse
      Requirements

      For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      70. Observation.component:Diastolic
      Slice NameDiastolic
      Definition

      Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

      Short平均舒張壓Component results
      Comments

      For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

      Control10..1*
      TypeBackboneElement
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      72. Observation.component:Diastolic.modifierExtension
      Definition

      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。


      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
      Comments

      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。


      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

      Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      74. Observation.component:Diastolic.code
      Definition

      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察『代碼』。


      Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

      Short平均舒張壓代碼Type of component observation (code / type)
      Comments

      所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。


      All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

      Control1..1
      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1
      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

      Pattern Value{
        "coding" : [{
          "system" : "http://loinc.org",
          "code" : "96609-3"
        }]
      }
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      76. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x]
      Definition

      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。


      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

      Short平均舒張壓數值Actual component result
      Comments

      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。


      Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: tw-core-2
      TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      78. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].value
      Definition

      測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。


      The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

      Short數值(具隱含精確度)Numerical value (with implicit precision)
      Comments

      數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。


      The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

      Control10..1
      Typedecimal
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      80. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].comparator
      Definition

      說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。


      How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

      Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
      Control0..1
      BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparatorhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1
      (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

      How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

      Typecode
      Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

      Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      82. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].unit
      Definition

      單位的人類可讀形式。


      A human-readable form of the unit.

      Short單位表示Unit representation
      Control10..1
      Typestring
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      84. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].system
      Definition

      提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。


      The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

      Short定義單位編碼形式的系統System that defines coded unit form
      Control10..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
      Typeuri
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

      Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      86. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].code
      Definition

      單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。


      A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

      Short單位的編碼形式Coded form of the unit
      Comments

      建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。


      The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

      Control10..1
      Typecode
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

      Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      88. Observation.component:Diastolic.dataAbsentReason
      Definition

      提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。


      Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

      Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少Why the component result is missing
      Comments

      在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。


      "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

      The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

      Control0..1
      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1
      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

      Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

      TypeCodeableConcept
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summaryfalse
      Requirements

      For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      90. Observation.component:Number
      Slice NameNumber
      Definition

      Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

      Short測量次數Component results
      Comments

      For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

      Control0..1*
      TypeBackboneElement
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      92. Observation.component:Number.modifierExtension
      Definition

      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。


      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
      Comments

      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。


      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

      Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      94. Observation.component:Number.code
      Definition

      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。


      Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

      Short組件觀察的類型(代碼/類型)Type of component observation (code / type)
      Comments

      所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。


      All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

      Control1..1
      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1
      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

      Pattern Value{
        "coding" : [{
          "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
          "code" : "246432004"
        }]
      }
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      96. Observation.component:Number.value[x]
      Definition

      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。


      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

      Short生命徵象組成項目數值Actual component result
      Comments

      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。


      Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

      Control0..1
      TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supporttrue
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
      • type @ $this
      • 98. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity
        Slice NamevalueQuantity
        Definition

        生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。


        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

        ShortActual component result
        Comments

        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

        Control0..1
        TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
        [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
        Is Modifierfalse
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        100. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
        Definition

        測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。


        The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

        Short數值(具隱含精確度)Numerical value (with implicit precision)
        Comments

        數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。


        The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

        Control10..1
        Typedecimal
        Is Modifierfalse
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supporttrue
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        102. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
        Definition

        說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。


        How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

        Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
        Control0..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparatorhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

        How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

        Typecode
        Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

        Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        104. Observation.component:Number.dataAbsentReason
        Definition

        提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。


        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

        Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少Why the component result is missing
        Comments

        在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。


        "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

        The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

        Control0..1
        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Is Modifierfalse
        Must Supporttrue
        Summaryfalse
        Requirements

        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))

        Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be foundhere

        0. Observation
        Definition

        關於病人、裝置或其他主體的測量與簡單陳述。

        Short測量與簡單陳述
        Comments

        用於簡單觀察,例如裝置測量、實驗室原子結果、生命徵象、身高、體重、吸菸狀態、備註等。其他資源則用於提供觀察的上下文,例如實驗室報告等。

        2. Observation.implicitRules
        Definition

        指向建構本 resource 時所遵循規則的參照,處理內容時必須理解這些規則。通常是參照定義特殊規則的實作指南(Implementation Guide),以及其他 profiles 等。

        Short建立本內容所依據的一組規則
        Comments

        宣告這套規則限制了內容只能被有限的交易夥伴所理解,這從本質上限制了資料的長期有用性。然而,現有的健康生態體系高度分裂,尚未準備好以普遍可計算的方式定義、收集和交換資料。只要有可能,實作者和/或規範編寫者應避免使用此欄位。通常在使用時,此 URL 是對 IG 的參照,該 IG 將這些特殊規則與其他 profiles、value sets 等一起定義為其敘述的一部分。

        4. Observation.modifierExtension
        Definition

        可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查 modifier extensions。

        Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
        Comments

        任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

        6. Observation.basedOn
        Definition

        一個由本事件全部或部分實現的計畫、提案或指示。例如,MedicationRequest 可能要求在給藥前,病人需先進行實驗室檢查。

        Short實現計畫、提案或指示
        TypeReference(TW Core CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, TW Core MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, TW Core ServiceRequest)
        8. Observation.partOf
        Definition

        此 Observation 所屬的較大事件或步驟。例如,作為某個處置(procedure)的一部分的觀察。

        Short所屬的參照事件
        Comments

        若要將 Observation 連結到 Encounter,請使用 encounter 欄位。關於如何參照其他 Observation,請參見下方說明。

        TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, TW Core MedicationDispense, TW Core MedicationStatement, TW Core Procedure, TW Core Immunization, TW Core ImagingStudy)
        10. Observation.status
        Definition

        此欄位表示觀察結果的狀態。

        Comments

        此元素被標記為修飾性(modifier),因為 status 可能包含標示資源目前無效的代碼。

        Must Supporttrue
        12. Observation.category
        Definition

        用於分類所進行觀察的一般類型的代碼。

        Short觀察類型的分類
        Comments

        除了必要的 category 值集外,此元素也允許根據擁有者自訂的分類方案進行多元分類,且可同時使用多個分類。分類的細緻程度由值集中的 category 概念所決定。

        Control1..?
        TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
        Must Supporttrue
        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
        • value @ coding.code
        • value @ coding.system
        • 14. Observation.category:VSCat
          Slice NameVSCat
          Control0..1
          Must Supporttrue
          16. Observation.category:VSCat.coding
          Definition

          參照由術語系統定義的代碼。

          Short由術語系統所定義的代碼
          Comments

          代碼可以在列舉清單(enumerations)或代碼清單(code lists)中非常隨意地定義,直至有非常正式的定義,如 SNOMED CT—更多資訊見 HL7 v3 核心原則(Core Principles)。編碼的排序是未定義的因而 必須沒有(SHALL NOT) 被用來推斷意義。一般來說,最多只有一個編碼值(coding values)會被標記為 UserSelected = true。

          Control1..?
          18. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.system
          Definition

          定義代碼符號意義的代碼系統之識別。

          Short術語系統的識別碼
          Comments

          URI 可以是 OID(urn:oid:...)或 UUID(urn:uuid:...)。OID 和 UUID 應參考 HL7 OID 註冊表。否則,URI 應來自 HL7 的 FHIR 特殊 URI 定義列表,或參考某些能清楚且無歧義地建立系統的定義。

          Control1..?
          Pattern Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category
          20. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.code
          Definition

          由系統定義的語法符號。此符號可能是一個預定義的代碼,或是由編碼系統定義的語法中的表達式(例如 post-coordination)。

          Short由系統定義的語法符號
          Control1..?
          Pattern Valuevital-signs
          22. Observation.code
          Definition

          描述所觀察到的內容。有時這也被稱為觀察的「名稱」。

          Short血壓
          Comments

          所有的 code-value 配對,以及(若有的話)component.code 與 component.value 的配對,都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

          TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
          Must Supporttrue
          Pattern Value{
            "coding" : [{
              "system" : "http://loinc.org",
              "code" : "96607-7"
            }]
          }
          24. Observation.subject
          Definition

          此觀察所關於且將觀察記錄存入其病歷的病人、病人群組、地點或設備。如果觀察的實際焦點與主體不同(或是主體的樣本、部分或區域),則由 focus 元素或代碼本身指定觀察的實際焦點。

          Short此觀察所關於的對象
          Comments

          一般預期此元素的基數為 1..1。唯一可能缺少 subject 的情況是當觀察由不知道病人身分的設備所進行時。在此情況下,觀察必須(SHALL)通過某些上下文/通道匹配技術與病人配對,此時觀察應被更新。

          TypeReference(TW Core Patient)
          Must Supporttrue
          26. Observation.encounter
          Definition

          此觀察所發生的醫療事件(例如病人與醫療提供者的互動)。

          Short進行此觀察時的醫療事件
          Comments

          這通常是發生事件時的就診(encounter),但有些事件可能在就診正式結束之前或之後發起,但仍與就診的上下文有關(例如入院前的實驗室檢查)。

          TypeReference(TW Core Encounter)
          28. Observation.effective[x]
          Definition

          觀察值被視為有效的時間或時間區間。對於生物主體(例如人類患者),這通常被稱為「生理相關時間」。這通常是處置的時間或標本採集的時間,但很多情況下時間/日期的來源是未知的,僅知道時間/日期本身。

          Short觀察在臨床上相關的時間/時間區間
          Comments

          除非此觀察是歷史記錄,否則至少應該有一個日期。對於記錄不精確或「模糊」的時間(例如「早餐後」測量的血糖),使用 Timing 資料型別,它允許將測量與日常生活事件相關聯。

          Control1..?
          TypeChoice of: Period, dateTime, Timing, instant
          [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Must Supporttrue
          Must Support TypesPeriod
          30. Observation.performer
          Definition

          負責確認觀察數值為「真實」的人。

          Short對觀察結果負責的人
          TypeReference(TW Core Practitioner, TW Core Organization, TW Core Patient, TW Core PractitionerRole, TW Core CareTeam)
          32. Observation.value[x]
          Definition

          進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

          Short實際結果
          Comments

          一個觀察可能有:1)在此處有單一值,2)同時有一個值和一組相關或組成值,或 3)只有一組相關或組成值。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

          Control0..0
          34. Observation.specimen
          Definition

          進行此觀察時所使用的標本。

          Short用於此觀察的標本
          Comments

          僅在 Observation.code 的代碼中未隱含標本資訊時才應使用。觀察並非對標本本身進行,而是對主體進行,但許多情況是通過標本進行的。請注意,雖然標本常常會被使用,但並非總是被明確追蹤和報告。同時也請注意,觀察資源可能被用在明確追蹤標本的情境中(例如診斷報告)。

          TypeReference(TW Core Specimen)
          36. Observation.hasMember
          Definition

          此觀察是一個群組觀察(例如一組檢測、一系列檢驗或一組生命徵象測量),包含目標作為群組的成員。

          Short屬於觀察群組的相關資源
          Comments

          使用此元素時,一個觀察通常會有一個值或一組相關資源,但在某些情況下兩者都可能存在。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。請注意,系統可能會從 QuestionnaireResponse 中計算結果到最終分數,並將該分數表示為一個觀察。

          TypeReference(TW Core Observation Vital Signs, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence)
          38. Observation.derivedFrom
          Definition

          代表本觀察值衍生來源的目標資源。例如,根據測量計算的陰離子間隙,或基於超音波影像的胎兒測量。

          Short此觀察值衍生自的相關測量
          Comments

          此元素中列出的所有參考選擇都可以代表臨床觀察和其他可能作為衍生值來源的測量。最常見的參考將是另一個觀察(Observation)。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。

          TypeReference(TW Core DocumentReference, TW Core ImagingStudy, TW Core Media, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, TW Core Observation Vital Signs, MolecularSequence)
          40. Observation.component
          Definition

          某些觀察有多個組件觀察。這些組件觀察表示為共享相同屬性的獨立代碼-數值對。例如血壓測量的收縮壓和舒張壓組件觀察,以及基因觀察的多個組件觀察。

          Short平均收縮壓、平均舒張壓及其他相關指標
          Comments

          關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。

          Control2..?
          Must Supporttrue
          Invariantstw-core-2: If there is no value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
          • pattern @ code
          • 42. Observation.component.modifierExtension
            Definition

            可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。

            Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
            Comments

            任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

            44. Observation.component.code
            Definition

            描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。

            Short組件觀察的類型(代碼/類型)
            Comments

            所有的代碼-數值配對和組件.代碼-組件.數值配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

            TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
            46. Observation.component.value[x]
            Definition

            生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。

            Short生命徵象組成項目數值
            Comments

            用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            Must Supporttrue
            48. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
            Definition

            提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。

            Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少
            Comments

            在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。

            Must Supporttrue
            50. Observation.component:Systolic
            Slice NameSystolic
            Short平均收縮壓
            Control1..1
            Must Supporttrue
            52. Observation.component:Systolic.modifierExtension
            Definition

            可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

            Comments

            任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

            54. Observation.component:Systolic.code
            Short平均收縮壓代碼
            Comments

            所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Value{
              "coding" : [{
                "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                "code" : "96608-5"
              }]
            }
            56. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x]
            Definition

            生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

            Short平均收縮壓數值
            TypeQuantity
            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            58. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].value
            Definition

            測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

            Short數值(具隱含精確度)
            Comments

            數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            60. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].comparator
            Definition

            說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

            Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值
            62. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].unit
            Definition

            單位的人類可讀形式。

            Short單位表示
            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            64. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].system
            Definition

            提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。

            Short定義單位編碼形式的系統
            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
            66. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].code
            Definition

            單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。

            Short單位的編碼形式
            Comments

            建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。

            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
            68. Observation.component:Diastolic
            Slice NameDiastolic
            Short平均舒張壓
            Control1..1
            Must Supporttrue
            70. Observation.component:Diastolic.modifierExtension
            Definition

            可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

            Comments

            任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

            72. Observation.component:Diastolic.code
            Definition

            描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察『代碼』。

            Short平均舒張壓代碼
            Comments

            所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Value{
              "coding" : [{
                "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                "code" : "96609-3"
              }]
            }
            74. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x]
            Definition

            生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

            Short平均舒張壓數值
            TypeQuantity
            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            76. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].value
            Definition

            測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

            Short數值(具隱含精確度)
            Comments

            數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            78. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].comparator
            Definition

            說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

            Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值
            80. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].unit
            Definition

            單位的人類可讀形式。

            Short單位表示
            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            82. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].system
            Definition

            提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。

            Short定義單位編碼形式的系統
            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
            84. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].code
            Definition

            單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。

            Short單位的編碼形式
            Comments

            建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。

            Control1..?
            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
            86. Observation.component:Number
            Slice NameNumber
            Short測量次數
            Control0..1
            Must Supporttrue
            88. Observation.component:Number.modifierExtension
            Definition

            可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

            Comments

            任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

            90. Observation.component:Number.code
            Comments

            所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

            Must Supporttrue
            Pattern Value{
              "coding" : [{
                "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                "code" : "246432004"
              }]
            }
            92. Observation.component:Number.value[x]
            TypeQuantity
            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
            • type @ $this
            • 94. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity
              Slice NamevalueQuantity
              Definition

              生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

              Control0..1
              TypeQuantity
              [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
              Must Supporttrue
              96. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
              Definition

              測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

              Short數值(具隱含精確度)
              Comments

              數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

              Control1..?
              Must Supporttrue
              98. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
              Definition

              說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

              Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值

              Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be foundhere

              0. Observation
              Definition

              關於病人、裝置或其他主體的測量與簡單陳述。

              Short測量與簡單陳述
              Comments

              用於簡單觀察,例如裝置測量、實驗室原子結果、生命徵象、身高、體重、吸菸狀態、備註等。其他資源則用於提供觀察的上下文,例如實驗室報告等。

              Control0..*
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
              Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
              dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
              dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
              dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
              dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
              obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
              obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
              2. Observation.id
              Definition

              The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

              ShortLogical id of this artifact
              Comments

              The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

              Control0..1
              Typeid
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              4. Observation.meta
              Definition

              The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

              ShortMetadata about the resource
              Control0..1
              TypeMeta
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              6. Observation.implicitRules
              Definition

              指向建構本 resource 時所遵循規則的參照,處理內容時必須理解這些規則。通常是參照定義特殊規則的實作指南(Implementation Guide),以及其他 profiles 等。

              Short建立本內容所依據的一組規則
              Comments

              宣告這套規則限制了內容只能被有限的交易夥伴所理解,這從本質上限制了資料的長期有用性。然而,現有的健康生態體系高度分裂,尚未準備好以普遍可計算的方式定義、收集和交換資料。只要有可能,實作者和/或規範編寫者應避免使用此欄位。通常在使用時,此 URL 是對 IG 的參照,該 IG 將這些特殊規則與其他 profiles、value sets 等一起定義為其敘述的一部分。

              Control0..1
              Typeuri
              Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              8. Observation.language
              Definition

              The base language in which the resource is written.

              ShortLanguage of the resource content
              Comments

              Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource. Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

              Control0..1
              BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from CommonLanguages
              (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages|4.0.1)

              A human language.

              Additional BindingsPurpose
              AllLanguagesMax Binding
              Typecode
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summaryfalse
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              10. Observation.text
              Definition

              A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource and can be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

              ShortText summary of the resource, for human interpretation
              Comments

              Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded information is added later.

              Control0..1
              TypeNarrative
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Alternate Namesnarrative, html, xhtml, display
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              12. Observation.contained
              Definition

              These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

              ShortContained, inline Resources
              Comments

              This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again. Contained resources may have profiles and tags In their meta elements, but SHALL NOT have security labels.

              Control0..*
              TypeResource
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Alternate Namesinline resources, anonymous resources, contained resources
              14. Observation.extension
              Definition

              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
              Comments

              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
              16. Observation.modifierExtension
              Definition

              可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查 modifier extensions。

              Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
              Comments

              任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

              Control0..*
              TypeExtension
              Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
              Summaryfalse
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
              18. Observation.identifier
              Definition

              A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

              ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
              NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
              Control0..*
              TypeIdentifier
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              20. Observation.basedOn
              Definition

              一個由本事件全部或部分實現的計畫、提案或指示。例如,MedicationRequest 可能要求在給藥前,病人需先進行實驗室檢查。

              Short實現計畫、提案或指示
              Control0..*
              TypeReference(TW Core CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, TW Core MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, TW Core ServiceRequest)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

              Alternate NamesFulfills
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              22. Observation.partOf
              Definition

              此 Observation 所屬的較大事件或步驟。例如,作為某個處置(procedure)的一部分的觀察。

              Short所屬的參照事件
              Comments

              若要將 Observation 連結到 Encounter,請使用 encounter 欄位。關於如何參照其他 Observation,請參見下方說明。

              Control0..*
              TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, TW Core MedicationDispense, TW Core MedicationStatement, TW Core Procedure, TW Core Immunization, TW Core ImagingStudy)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Alternate NamesContainer
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              24. Observation.status
              Definition

              此欄位表示觀察結果的狀態。

              Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
              Comments

              此元素被標記為修飾性(modifier),因為 status 可能包含標示資源目前無效的代碼。

              Control1..1
              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatus
              (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)

              Codes providing the status of an observation.

              Typecode
              Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              26. Observation.category
              Definition

              用於分類所進行觀察的一般類型的代碼。

              Short觀察類型的分類
              Comments

              除了必要的 category 值集外,此元素也允許根據擁有者自訂的分類方案進行多元分類,且可同時使用多個分類。分類的細緻程度由值集中的 category 概念所決定。

              Control1..*
              BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
              (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1)

              Codes for high level observation categories.

              TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Must Supporttrue
              Summaryfalse
              Requirements

              Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
              • value @ coding.code
              • value @ coding.system
              • 28. Observation.category:VSCat
                Slice NameVSCat
                Definition

                A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                ShortClassification of type of observation
                Comments

                In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                Control0..1
                BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category|4.0.1)

                Codes for high level observation categories.

                TypeCodeableConcept
                Is Modifierfalse
                Must Supporttrue
                Summaryfalse
                Requirements

                Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                30. Observation.category:VSCat.id
                Definition

                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                Control0..1
                Typestring
                Is Modifierfalse
                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                Summaryfalse
                32. Observation.category:VSCat.extension
                Definition

                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                Comments

                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                Control0..*
                TypeExtension
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summaryfalse
                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                • value @ url
                • 34. Observation.category:VSCat.coding
                  Definition

                  參照由術語系統定義的代碼。

                  Short由術語系統所定義的代碼
                  Comments

                  代碼可以在列舉清單(enumerations)或代碼清單(code lists)中非常隨意地定義,直至有非常正式的定義,如 SNOMED CT—更多資訊見 HL7 v3 核心原則(Core Principles)。編碼的排序是未定義的因而 必須沒有(SHALL NOT) 被用來推斷意義。一般來說,最多只有一個編碼值(coding values)會被標記為 UserSelected = true。

                  Control1..*
                  TypeCoding
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  36. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.id
                  Definition

                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                  Control0..1
                  Typestring
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                  Summaryfalse
                  38. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.extension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                  • value @ url
                  • 40. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.system
                    Definition

                    定義代碼符號意義的代碼系統之識別。

                    Short術語系統的識別碼
                    Comments

                    URI 可以是 OID(urn:oid:...)或 UUID(urn:uuid:...)。OID 和 UUID 應參考 HL7 OID 註冊表。否則,URI 應來自 HL7 的 FHIR 特殊 URI 定義列表,或參考某些能清楚且無歧義地建立系統的定義。

                    Control1..1
                    Typeuri
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                    Pattern Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    42. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.version
                    Definition

                    The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                    ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                    Comments

                    Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                    NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    44. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.code
                    Definition

                    由系統定義的語法符號。此符號可能是一個預定義的代碼,或是由編碼系統定義的語法中的表達式(例如 post-coordination)。

                    Short由系統定義的語法符號
                    Control1..1
                    Typecode
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                    Pattern Valuevital-signs
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    46. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.display
                    Definition

                    A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                    ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    48. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.userSelected
                    Definition

                    Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                    ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                    Comments

                    Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                    Control0..1
                    Typeboolean
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    50. Observation.category:VSCat.text
                    Definition

                    A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                    ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                    Comments

                    Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    52. Observation.code
                    Definition

                    描述所觀察到的內容。有時這也被稱為觀察的「名稱」。

                    Short血壓
                    Comments

                    所有的 code-value 配對,以及(若有的話)component.code 與 component.value 的配對,都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

                    Control1..1
                    BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

                    Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                    TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                    Alternate NamesName
                    Pattern Value{
                      "coding" : [{
                        "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                        "code" : "96607-7"
                      }]
                    }
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    54. Observation.subject
                    Definition

                    此觀察所關於且將觀察記錄存入其病歷的病人、病人群組、地點或設備。如果觀察的實際焦點與主體不同(或是主體的樣本、部分或區域),則由 focus 元素或代碼本身指定觀察的實際焦點。

                    Short此觀察所關於的對象
                    Comments

                    一般預期此元素的基數為 1..1。唯一可能缺少 subject 的情況是當觀察由不知道病人身分的設備所進行時。在此情況下,觀察必須(SHALL)通過某些上下文/通道匹配技術與病人配對,此時觀察應被更新。

                    Control0..1
                    TypeReference(TW Core Patient)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    56. Observation.focus
                    Definition

                    The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

                    ShortWhat the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
                    Comments

                    Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(Resource)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    58. Observation.encounter
                    Definition

                    此觀察所發生的醫療事件(例如病人與醫療提供者的互動)。

                    Short進行此觀察時的醫療事件
                    Comments

                    這通常是發生事件時的就診(encounter),但有些事件可能在就診正式結束之前或之後發起,但仍與就診的上下文有關(例如入院前的實驗室檢查)。

                    Control0..1
                    TypeReference(TW Core Encounter)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

                    Alternate NamesContext
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    60. Observation.effective[x]
                    Definition

                    觀察值被視為有效的時間或時間區間。對於生物主體(例如人類患者),這通常被稱為「生理相關時間」。這通常是處置的時間或標本採集的時間,但很多情況下時間/日期的來源是未知的,僅知道時間/日期本身。

                    Short觀察在臨床上相關的時間/時間區間
                    Comments

                    除非此觀察是歷史記錄,否則至少應該有一個日期。對於記錄不精確或「模糊」的時間(例如「早餐後」測量的血糖),使用 Timing 資料型別,它允許將測量與日常生活事件相關聯。

                    Control1..1
                    TypeChoice of: Period, dateTime, Timing, instant
                    [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Must Support TypesPeriod
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

                    Alternate NamesOccurrence
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    62. Observation.issued
                    Definition

                    The date and time this version of the observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

                    ShortDate/Time this version was made available
                    Comments

                    For Observations that don’t require review and verification, it may be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself. For Observations that do require review and verification for certain updates, it might not be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself due to a non-clinically significant update that doesn’t require the new version to be reviewed and verified again.

                    Control0..1
                    Typeinstant
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    64. Observation.performer
                    Definition

                    負責確認觀察數值為「真實」的人。

                    Short對觀察結果負責的人
                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(TW Core Practitioner, TW Core Organization, TW Core Patient, TW Core PractitionerRole, TW Core CareTeam)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    66. Observation.value[x]
                    Definition

                    進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

                    Short實際結果
                    Comments

                    一個觀察可能有:1)在此處有單一值,2)同時有一個值和一組相關或組成值,或 3)只有一組相關或組成值。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

                    Control0..0
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                    TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    68. Observation.dataAbsentReason
                    Definition

                    Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

                    ShortWhy the result is missing
                    Comments

                    Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory".

                    The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                    BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                    (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

                    Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    70. Observation.interpretation
                    Definition

                    A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                    ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                    Comments

                    Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                    Control0..*
                    BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                    (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation|4.0.1)

                    Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                    Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    72. Observation.note
                    Definition

                    Comments about the observation or the results.

                    ShortComments about the observation
                    Comments

                    May include general statements about the observation, or statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable results values, or information about its source when relevant to its interpretation.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeAnnotation
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    74. Observation.bodySite
                    Definition

                    Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

                    ShortObserved body part
                    Comments

                    Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                    If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

                    Control0..1
                    BindingFor example codes, see SNOMEDCTBodyStructures
                    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/body-site|4.0.1)

                    Codes describing anatomical locations. May include laterality.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    76. Observation.method
                    Definition

                    Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

                    ShortHow it was done
                    Comments

                    Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code.

                    Control0..1
                    BindingFor example codes, see ObservationMethods
                    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods|4.0.1)

                    Methods for simple observations.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    78. Observation.specimen
                    Definition

                    進行此觀察時所使用的標本。

                    Short用於此觀察的標本
                    Comments

                    僅在 Observation.code 的代碼中未隱含標本資訊時才應使用。觀察並非對標本本身進行,而是對主體進行,但許多情況是通過標本進行的。請注意,雖然標本常常會被使用,但並非總是被明確追蹤和報告。同時也請注意,觀察資源可能被用在明確追蹤標本的情境中(例如診斷報告)。

                    Control0..1
                    TypeReference(TW Core Specimen)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    80. Observation.device
                    Definition

                    The device used to generate the observation data.

                    Short(Measurement) Device
                    Comments

                    Note that this is not meant to represent a device involved in the transmission of the result, e.g., a gateway. Such devices may be documented using the Provenance resource where relevant.

                    Control0..1
                    TypeReference(Device, DeviceMetric)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    82. Observation.referenceRange
                    Definition

                    Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                    ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                    Comments

                    Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeBackboneElement
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                    84. Observation.referenceRange.id
                    Definition

                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                    Summaryfalse
                    86. Observation.referenceRange.extension
                    Definition

                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                    ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                    Comments

                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeExtension
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    88. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
                    Definition

                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                    Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                    ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                    Comments

                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeExtension
                    Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    90. Observation.referenceRange.low
                    Definition

                    The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                    ShortLow Range, if relevant
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                    TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    92. Observation.referenceRange.high
                    Definition

                    The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                    ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                    TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    94. Observation.referenceRange.type
                    Definition

                    Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                    ShortReference range qualifier
                    Comments

                    This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                    Control0..1
                    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning|4.0.1)

                    Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    96. Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo
                    Definition

                    Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                    ShortReference range population
                    Comments

                    This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                    Control0..*
                    BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto|4.0.1)

                    Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    98. Observation.referenceRange.age
                    Definition

                    The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                    ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                    Control0..1
                    TypeRange
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    100. Observation.referenceRange.text
                    Definition

                    Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                    ShortText based reference range in an observation
                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Summaryfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    102. Observation.hasMember
                    Definition

                    此觀察是一個群組觀察(例如一組檢測、一系列檢驗或一組生命徵象測量),包含目標作為群組的成員。

                    Short屬於觀察群組的相關資源
                    Comments

                    使用此元素時,一個觀察通常會有一個值或一組相關資源,但在某些情況下兩者都可能存在。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。請注意,系統可能會從 QuestionnaireResponse 中計算結果到最終分數,並將該分數表示為一個觀察。

                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(TW Core Observation Vital Signs, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    104. Observation.derivedFrom
                    Definition

                    代表本觀察值衍生來源的目標資源。例如,根據測量計算的陰離子間隙,或基於超音波影像的胎兒測量。

                    Short此觀察值衍生自的相關測量
                    Comments

                    此元素中列出的所有參考選擇都可以代表臨床觀察和其他可能作為衍生值來源的測量。最常見的參考將是另一個觀察(Observation)。關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。

                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(TW Core DocumentReference, TW Core ImagingStudy, TW Core Media, TW Core QuestionnaireResponse, TW Core Observation Vital Signs, MolecularSequence)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    106. Observation.component
                    Definition

                    某些觀察有多個組件觀察。這些組件觀察表示為共享相同屬性的獨立代碼-數值對。例如血壓測量的收縮壓和舒張壓組件觀察,以及基因觀察的多個組件觀察。

                    Short平均收縮壓、平均舒張壓及其他相關指標
                    Comments

                    關於觀察如何在群組中組合的方式討論,請參見下方備註。

                    Control2..*
                    TypeBackboneElement
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    tw-core-2: If there is no value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                    • pattern @ code
                    • 108. Observation.component.id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typestring
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      110. Observation.component.extension
                      Definition

                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                      Comments

                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      112. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                      Definition

                      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。

                      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
                      Comments

                      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                      Summarytrue
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      114. Observation.component.code
                      Definition

                      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。

                      Short組件觀察的類型(代碼/類型)
                      Comments

                      所有的代碼-數值配對和組件.代碼-組件.數值配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

                      Control1..1
                      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

                      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      116. Observation.component.value[x]
                      Definition

                      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。

                      Short生命徵象組成項目數值
                      Comments

                      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

                      Control0..1
                      TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      118. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
                      Definition

                      提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。

                      Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少
                      Comments

                      在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。

                      Control0..1
                      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
                      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

                      Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                      TypeCodeableConcept
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Summaryfalse
                      Requirements

                      For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      120. Observation.component.interpretation
                      Definition

                      A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                      ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                      Comments

                      Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                      Control0..*
                      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation|4.0.1)

                      Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                      TypeCodeableConcept
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Requirements

                      For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                      Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      122. Observation.component.referenceRange
                      Definition

                      Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                      ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                      Comments

                      Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Requirements

                      Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      124. Observation.component:Systolic
                      Slice NameSystolic
                      Definition

                      Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                      Short平均收縮壓
                      Comments

                      For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                      Control1..1
                      TypeBackboneElement
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      126. Observation.component:Systolic.id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typestring
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      128. Observation.component:Systolic.extension
                      Definition

                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                      Comments

                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      130. Observation.component:Systolic.modifierExtension
                      Definition

                      可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

                      Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
                      Comments

                      任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                      Summarytrue
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      132. Observation.component:Systolic.code
                      Definition

                      描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。

                      Short平均收縮壓代碼
                      Comments

                      所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

                      Control1..1
                      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

                      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                      TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                      Pattern Value{
                        "coding" : [{
                          "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                          "code" : "96608-5"
                        }]
                      }
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      134. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x]
                      Definition

                      生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

                      Short平均收縮壓數值
                      Comments

                      用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

                      Control0..1
                      This element is affected by the following invariants: tw-core-2
                      TypeQuantity
                      [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      136. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typestring
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      138. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].extension
                      Definition

                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                      Comments

                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                      • value @ url
                      • 140. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].value
                        Definition

                        測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

                        Short數值(具隱含精確度)
                        Comments

                        數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

                        Control1..1
                        Typedecimal
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        142. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].comparator
                        Definition

                        說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

                        Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值
                        Control0..1
                        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                        How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                        Typecode
                        Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                        Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        144. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].unit
                        Definition

                        單位的人類可讀形式。

                        Short單位表示
                        Control1..1
                        Typestring
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        146. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].system
                        Definition

                        提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。

                        Short定義單位編碼形式的系統
                        Control1..1
                        This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                        Typeuri
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                        Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        148. Observation.component:Systolic.value[x].code
                        Definition

                        單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。

                        Short單位的編碼形式
                        Comments

                        建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。

                        Control1..1
                        Typecode
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                        Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        150. Observation.component:Systolic.dataAbsentReason
                        Definition

                        提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。

                        Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少
                        Comments

                        在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。

                        Control0..1
                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

                        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                        TypeCodeableConcept
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summaryfalse
                        Requirements

                        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        152. Observation.component:Systolic.interpretation
                        Definition

                        A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                        ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                        Comments

                        Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                        Control0..*
                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation|4.0.1)

                        Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                        TypeCodeableConcept
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Requirements

                        For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                        Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        154. Observation.component:Systolic.referenceRange
                        Definition

                        Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                        ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                        Comments

                        Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                        Control0..*
                        TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Requirements

                        Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        156. Observation.component:Diastolic
                        Slice NameDiastolic
                        Definition

                        Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                        Short平均舒張壓
                        Comments

                        For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                        Control1..1
                        TypeBackboneElement
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        158. Observation.component:Diastolic.id
                        Definition

                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                        Control0..1
                        Typestring
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                        Summaryfalse
                        160. Observation.component:Diastolic.extension
                        Definition

                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                        Comments

                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                        Control0..*
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        162. Observation.component:Diastolic.modifierExtension
                        Definition

                        可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

                        Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
                        Comments

                        任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

                        Control0..*
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        164. Observation.component:Diastolic.code
                        Definition

                        描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察『代碼』。

                        Short平均舒張壓代碼
                        Comments

                        所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

                        Control1..1
                        BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                        (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

                        Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                        TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                        Pattern Value{
                          "coding" : [{
                            "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                            "code" : "96609-3"
                          }]
                        }
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        166. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x]
                        Definition

                        生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

                        Short平均舒張壓數值
                        Comments

                        用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

                        Control0..1
                        This element is affected by the following invariants: tw-core-2
                        TypeQuantity
                        [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        168. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].id
                        Definition

                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                        Control0..1
                        Typestring
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                        Summaryfalse
                        170. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].extension
                        Definition

                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                        Comments

                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                        Control0..*
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                        • value @ url
                        • 172. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].value
                          Definition

                          測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

                          Short數值(具隱含精確度)
                          Comments

                          數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

                          Control1..1
                          Typedecimal
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          174. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].comparator
                          Definition

                          說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

                          Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值
                          Control0..1
                          BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                          (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                          How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                          Typecode
                          Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                          Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          176. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].unit
                          Definition

                          單位的人類可讀形式。

                          Short單位表示
                          Control1..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          178. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].system
                          Definition

                          提供單位編碼形式的系統識別。

                          Short定義單位編碼形式的系統
                          Control1..1
                          This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                          Typeuri
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                          Pattern Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          180. Observation.component:Diastolic.value[x].code
                          Definition

                          單位在某些單位表示系統中的可供電腦處理的編碼形式。

                          Short單位的編碼形式
                          Comments

                          建議使用 UCUM 系統,但也可使用 SNOMED CT(慣用單位)或 ISO 4217(貨幣)。使用情境可能會要求來自特定系統的代碼。

                          Control1..1
                          Typecode
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                          Pattern Valuemm[Hg]
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          182. Observation.component:Diastolic.dataAbsentReason
                          Definition

                          提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。

                          Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少
                          Comments

                          在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。

                          Control0..1
                          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                          (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

                          Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                          TypeCodeableConcept
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summaryfalse
                          Requirements

                          For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          184. Observation.component:Diastolic.interpretation
                          Definition

                          A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                          ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                          Comments

                          Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                          Control0..*
                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                          (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation|4.0.1)

                          Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                          TypeCodeableConcept
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Requirements

                          For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                          Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          186. Observation.component:Diastolic.referenceRange
                          Definition

                          Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                          ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                          Comments

                          Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                          Control0..*
                          TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Requirements

                          Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          188. Observation.component:Number
                          Slice NameNumber
                          Definition

                          Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                          Short測量次數
                          Comments

                          For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                          Control0..1
                          TypeBackboneElement
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          190. Observation.component:Number.id
                          Definition

                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                          Summaryfalse
                          192. Observation.component:Number.extension
                          Definition

                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                          Comments

                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                          Control0..*
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          194. Observation.component:Number.modifierExtension
                          Definition

                          可用於表示不屬於資源基本定義、且會改變所屬元素或其子元素意義的額外資訊。通常這類元素用於否定或限定。為了讓擴充的使用安全且可管理,FHIR 對擴充的定義與使用有嚴格治理規範。任何實作者都可以定義擴充,但必須符合一系列要求。處理資源的應用程式必須檢查修飾擴充。修飾擴充不得改變資源或領域資源上任何元素的意義(包括不能改變修飾擴充本身的意義)。

                          Short不可被忽略的擴充資訊
                          Comments

                          任何應用、專案或標準都不應因使用擴充而受到歧視,無論其定義或使用的機構或法域為何。擴充的使用讓 FHIR 規範能維持核心簡潔性。

                          Control0..*
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                          Summarytrue
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          196. Observation.component:Number.code
                          Definition

                          描述觀察到的內容。有時這被稱為觀察「代碼」。

                          Short組件觀察的類型(代碼/類型)
                          Comments

                          所有的 code-value 配對和 component.code-component.value 配對都需要被考慮,才能正確理解此觀察的意義。

                          Control1..1
                          BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                          (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes|4.0.1)

                          Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                          TypeCodeableConcept(TW CodeableConcept)
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                          Pattern Value{
                            "coding" : [{
                              "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                              "code" : "246432004"
                            }]
                          }
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          198. Observation.component:Number.value[x]
                          Definition

                          生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如 cuff size)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。

                          Short生命徵象組成項目數值
                          Comments

                          用於觀察具有一組組件觀察時。一個觀察可能同時有一個值(例如 Apgar score)和組件觀察(用於推導 Apgar score 的觀察)。如果存在值,此元素的資料類型應由 Observation.code 決定。如果欄位通常是編碼的,或者與 Observation.code 相關聯的類型定義了一個編碼值,則應使用只有文字的 CodeableConcept 而非字串。更多指引請參見下方備註。

                          Control0..1
                          TypeQuantity
                          [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                          • type @ $this
                          • 200. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity
                            Slice NamevalueQuantity
                            Definition

                            生命徵象的值通常使用 Quantity 資料型別記錄。對於支援觀察(例如袖帶大小)等其他資料型別,可以使用其他資料型別,例如 CodeableConcept。進行觀察後所確定的資訊,若該資訊具有簡單值。

                            ShortActual component result
                            Comments

                            Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                            Control0..1
                            TypeQuantity
                            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Must Supporttrue
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            202. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.id
                            Definition

                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                            Control0..1
                            Typestring
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                            Summaryfalse
                            204. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.extension
                            Definition

                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                            Comments

                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                            Control0..*
                            TypeExtension
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                            • value @ url
                            • 206. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
                              Definition

                              測量數值的大小。此數值在呈現時包含隱含的精確度。

                              Short數值(具隱含精確度)
                              Comments

                              數值中隱含的精確度應始終被尊重。貨幣值有其自己的精確度處理規則(請參照 standard accounting text books)。

                              Control1..1
                              Typedecimal
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Must Supporttrue
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              208. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
                              Definition

                              說明如何理解與呈現此數值——即實際數值是否因測量問題而大於或小於所述數值。例如,若 comparator 為「<」,則實際數值小於所述數值。

                              Short< | <= | >= | > - 如何理解數值
                              Control0..1
                              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                              (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                              How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                              Typecode
                              Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                              Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              210. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit
                              Definition

                              A human-readable form of the unit.

                              ShortUnit representation
                              Control0..1
                              Typestring
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              212. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.system
                              Definition

                              The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                              ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                              Control0..1
                              This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                              Typeuri
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              214. Observation.component:Number.value[x]:valueQuantity.code
                              Definition

                              A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                              ShortCoded form of the unit
                              Comments

                              The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                              Control0..1
                              Typecode
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              216. Observation.component:Number.dataAbsentReason
                              Definition

                              提供 Observation.component.value[x] 元素中預期值缺失的原因。

                              Short為什麼組成項目的結果會缺少
                              Comments

                              在 FHIR 觀察中,「空值」或例外值可以通過兩種方式表示。一種方式是直接將它們包含在值集中並在值中表示例外情況。例如,血清學檢測的測量值可以是「已檢測到」、「未檢測到」、「結果不確定」或「未完成檢測」。另一種方式是使用 value 元素來記錄實際觀察值,並使用明確的 dataAbsentReason 元素來記錄例外值。例如,當測量未完成時,可以使用 dataAbsentReason 代碼「error」。由於存在這些選項,因此需要用例協議來解釋例外值的一般觀察。

                              Control0..1
                              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, tw-core-2
                              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason|4.0.1)

                              Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                              TypeCodeableConcept
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Must Supporttrue
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              218. Observation.component:Number.interpretation
                              Definition

                              A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                              ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                              Comments

                              Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                              Control0..*
                              BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                              (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation|4.0.1)

                              Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                              TypeCodeableConcept
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                              Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              220. Observation.component:Number.referenceRange
                              Definition

                              Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                              ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                              Comments

                              Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                              Control0..*
                              TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))